With their roots set deep in the tradition of many different cultures, carrying the mark of social stigma throughout the early ages of modern prison systems development, and finally, becoming fashion accessories inseparable from modern pop culture, tattoos obtain a rather specific meaning if made behind the prison walls. There are several reasons for that: their symbolism, the roles they have inside the prison community, their relation to criminal behaviour, their impact on offender’s re-socialization and re-offending as well as the health risks they cause. Having in mind the worldwide presence of this phenomenon and its local manifestations, the authors of this paper analyse its socio-genesis, taxonomy, functions and consequences as well as potential responses aimed at mitigating the negative impacts of prison tattoos on the life, health and reintegration of offenders.
CYBER WARFARE AND INTERNATIONAL CYBER LAW: WHITHER?
Miodrag N. Simović, PhD,
pp: 23-37
This paper analyses historical, sociological and normative aspects of the cyber violence in international relations and international law, aiming to assess the adequacy of the extant international norms for its regulation. It results with the knowledge on the lack of international cooperation and a universal approach, the instrumentalisation of the internet as a means of warfare, lacunae in the relevant legal framework, and the peril of compromisation of the international law. Since the social jeopardy of activities in the cyberspace is hardly measurable and subjected to highly arbitrary interpretations, the problem of the uncertain peacetime or belligerent legal qualification of cyber activities is exposed. The other serios problem is a high risk from potentially disproportional responses of states to the cyber violence. Especially due to the lack of universal international institutions in the field of cyber, it must be concluded that the international lege lata applicable to the cyber violence is not adequate and sustainable. The progressive development of international cyber law is thus suggested, through the pacification of the internet and the international criminalisation of cyber violence.
REGULATING THE NON-MILITARY USE OF DRONES AND PROTECTION OF PRIVACY
Adnan Duraković, PhD,
Sabina Duraković, MSc
pp: 39-53
In last few years we are witnesses of strong development of drones’ capacity not only for military purposes but also for civilian use, particularly for police surveillance, investigations, arrests and search and rescue operations. Up until now not even United States of America adopted unified laws considering the use of drones and their impact on privacy but it is obvious that legal, administrative and justice framework for balancing these two conflicted interests and demands will soon be developed. This article will give the review of legal problems and solutions from literature covering countries which are the leaders in this field of technology and law.
LEGAL NATURE AND MAIN PROCEDURAL DETERMINANTS OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Sadmir Karović, PhD,
Marina M. Simović, PhD
pp: 55-68
In this paper, the authors analyse the legal nature of criminal procedure in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the special emphasis on reform processes of criminal procedure legislation and adoption and acceptance of new legal solutions over the past two decades, acknowledging the aspiration for effectiveness and protection of basic human rights and freedoms. For the purpose of effective criminal procedure, it identifies the main and secondary actors in criminal proceedings whose role is crucial from the aspect of shedding light on and resolving a certain criminal matter, as well as issuing a judicial decision. To that end, the role and importance of those actors in taking procedural actions to carry out a criminal procedure task is emphasised for the purpose of understanding the legal nature, structure and course of the criminal procedure, and achieving the scope of legally prescribed rights of the suspect, that is, the defendant. In addition, special attention is paid to the specific procedural situation and status of an underage person in the criminal law as the perpetrator and injured parties in a criminal case, taking into account their age as the basis for the differentiation and protection in relation to adults.
ESPOZ - AN ELECTRONIC SYSTEM SUPPORTING THE POLISH POLICE IN THE SEARCH FOR MISSING PERSONS
Anna Świerczewska-Gąsiorowska, PhD,
Monika Porwisz, PhD, Paweł Olber, PhD
pp: 69-80
The Police Academy in Szczytno has been carrying out a research project entitled "Development of a database and tools for semantic search for information and knowledge management in the area of missing persons and search for persons”, financed from the funds of the National Centre for Research and Development for national defence and security. The objective of the conducted research project is to prepare a database and a tool for semantic search for information and knowledge management in the area of missing persons and search for persons, as well as to equip the Polish Police with a technologically advanced tool for semantic and contextual search for information on standards, rules, good practices and specific patterns of behaviour in the area of searching for missing persons. The final effect of the mentioned research project is the eSPOZ system of searching for missing persons, which is described in the article.
COURT STATISTICS – A TOOL FOR MANAGEMENT AND STRATEGIC PLANNING
Marina Matić Boškovič, PhD,
pp: 81-96
Court statistics developed over the time from bureaucratic data collection to monitoring and evaluation of court performances and judicial reforms. In the Europe, the Council of Europe CEPEJ contributed to the promotion of court statistics as a tool for management over judiciary and evaluation of judicial performances. Modern use of statistical reporting requires setting of performance indicators, which tracking will enable monitoring of court performance and inform decision making on further actions. Some of performance indicators are recommended by the CEPEJ and are widely accepted, like clearance rate and disposition time. However, court statistics could include information beyond court cases, like financial data per court and human resource data, which could inform interventions in the area of human resource management and financial resource management, i.e. equalization of workload among courts and judges, as well as calculation of cost per case. The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the courts and court statistics contributed significantly to improvement of administration of justice, through development of automatized case management systems, automatic export of relevant reports on court performance based on predefined indicators. However, few preconditions are required for successful deployment of the ICT in judiciary. Countries were putting efforts to strengthen court statistics and some good practices were developed over time. Slovenia dashboard for improvement of disposition time and Serbian court maps for tracking backlog reduction are good examples that could be used replicated in countries with similar challenges and goals.
ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA IN THE PERIOD FROM 2010 TO 2019
Ljupcho Shosholovski, MA,
Zoran Jovanovski, PhD, Zoran Cikarski, MA
pp: 97-110
Road safety in the Republic of North Macedonia is the primary social responsibility of all organizations and individuals whose ultimate goal is to achieve optimal traffic safety. The increased number of vehicles, the traffic intensity on all roads, as well as the degree of traffic indiscipline among certain traffic participants, are the main factors that affect the safety situation both in terms of the volume of accidents and the consequences arising from them. The subject of the research are the traffic accidents that occurred in the period from 2010 to 2019 on the territory of the Republic of North Macedonia, the factors that influence their occurrence and the criminal acts against the safety of the public traffic in the mentioned period. The purpose of this paper is to research the statistical indicators for the number of traffic accidents and those accused of crimes against public traffic safety in the period from 2010 to 2019 and on their basis to determine the reasons for their occurrence and propose measures and activities that will affect their reduction in the near future according to world trends.
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MODERN USAGE AREAS OF UAV TECHNOLOGY
Aybuke A. Isbir Turan, PhD,
Mehmet Ali Tekiner, PhD, Niyazi Umut Akincioğlu, MA
pp: 111-117
In the past century, aviation has been one of the biggest technological advances that changed people’s lives. Especially in recent years in addition to being used in passenger transportation and war technologies, unmanned aerial vehicles have been carrying out important activities in many parts of life. These devices, which can be used as an integrated camera and weapon systems that can be controlled wirelessly and have superior mobility, have become one of the most important actors in defence. In addition to security services, unmanned aerial vehicles are used in many activities such as agriculture, search and rescue, cartography and fire. Unmanned aerial vehicles are also frequently used by law enforcement agencies due to their size and mobility, especially in areas such as monitoring and tracking. Unmanned aerial vehicles are used in many security needs such as traffic inspections, monitoring, social events and tracking around the world. Besides all these, unmanned aerial vehicles are frequently used for natural disasters, crime scene investigation studies and cargo transportation. However, in addition to all the advantages, these tools are also used by some malicious individuals and groups due to their low cost and easy accessibility. Many crimes such as smuggling, terrorist attacks, or illegal image recording have been committed using this technology. For this reason, while developing unmanned aircraft technologies, studies are carried out on anti-drone technologies in order to combat these crimes. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles worldwide is controlled by laws and penal sanctions are imposed in case of improper use.
