Značaj toničke nepokretnosti kod krivičnog dela silovanja
Autor/i: Sofija Stojanović,
Stranice: 131-148
UDK: 343.223:343.541
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47152/rkkp.64.2.6
Apstrakt: Rad se bavi pitanjem značaja koji krivičnopravna teorija i praksa pridaju otporu žrtve u slučajevima silovanja i opravdanošću insistiranja na otporu kao jedinom ili ključnom dokazu postojanja prinude. Sudska praksa i pravna teorija XX veka insistirale su na neophodnosti postojanja otpora u slučajevima silovanja, izjednačavajući postojanje otpora sa postojanjem prinude. Ovakav zahtev temelji se na rasprostranjenom uverenju da će, suočena sa napadom, fizičkim ili seksualnim, žrtva nastojati da izbegne napad ili se istom suprotstavi. Početkom XXI veka, u praksi i teoriji dolazi do slabljenja kriterijuma koje otpor žrtve mora ispuniti da bi se smatralo da je izrazila protivljenje činu obljube. Ipak, otpor slabijeg intenziteta ili odsustvo istog uslovljavaju se postojanjem subjektivnih i objektivnih faktora koji opravdavaju pretpostavljenu racionalnu odluku žrtve da se suzdrži od pružanja otpora ili pruži otpor slabijeg intenziteta. Brojna istraživanja u oblasti biologije i psihologije pokazuju da u slučaju opasnosti ili suočenosti sa napadom, ljudi, baš kao i ostale životinje, mogu reagovati aktivno – bežanjem ili suprotstavljanjem – ili pasivno – toničnom nepokretnošću. Kod ljudi, do toničke nepokretnosti najčešće dolazi kod žrtava silovanja. Naime, istraživanja pokazuju da pasivna reakcija ne predstavlja izuzetak od pravila da žrtve silovanja pružaju otpor, već je, naprotiv, jako učestao način reagovanja. U ovom radu, biće reči o implikacijama saznanja o toničkoj nepokretnosti za sagledavanje krivičnog dela silovanja, a naročito u pogledu opravdanosti insistiranja na ispoljavanju aktivnog otpora od strane žrtava krivičnog dela silovanja; posmatranja prestanka pružanja otpora kao naknadnog saglašavanja sa obljubom i pasivne reakcije žrtve kao indicije o postojanju prinude. The article examines the significance attributed to the victim’s resistance in rape cases within criminal law theory and practice, and the justification for insisting on resistance as the sole or primary evidence of coercion. Jurisprudence and legal theory of the 20th century insisted on the necessity of showing resistance in cases of rape, equating the existence of resistance with the existence of coercion. This requirement is based on the widespread belief that a victim, when confronted with physical or sexual assault, will attempt to avoid or resist the attack. At the beginning of the 21st century, jurisprudence and theory have weakened the criterion the victim’s resistance must satisfy in order to be considered opposition to the sexual act. However, resistance of weaker intensity or absence of resistance is conditioned by the existence of subjective and objective factors that excuse the assumed rational decision of a victim to refrain from showing resistance or to show resistance of weaker intensity. Numerous biological and psychological studies show that, in situations of danger or assault, humans, like other animals, may respond actively – by fleeing or resisting – or passively – through tonic immobility. Among humans, tonic immobility most commonly occurs in rape victims. Research indicates that passive response is not an exception to the pattern of resistance in rape cases but rather a frequent form of reaction. This article discusses the implications of findings on tonic immobility for the interpretation of rape as a criminal offense, particularly regarding the justification of insisiting on showing active resistance by a rape victim, and considering the resistance cessation as subsequent consent and that passive reaction of a victim may be interpreted as an indication of coercion.
Ključne reči: tonička nepokretnost, silovanje, otpor, odbrambena kaskada / tonic immobility, rape, resistance, defence cascade
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Pravni propisi
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