AMERIČKI ODGOVOR NA NASILJE MALOLJETNIKA: ZAKONODAVNA RJEŠENJA I AKTUELNI PROBLEMI
Author/s: Akademik prof. dr Miodrag N. Simović, Mr Marina M. Simović-Nišević
Pages: 39-61
UDK: 343.85:3.343.91-053.5/.6(73)
DOI:
Abstract: Pravna pitanja koja su uključena u postupak prema maloljetnicima su složena, jer država prema djeci nije u suprotnoj poziciji, nego prije u roditeljskoj dužnosti. Zbog toga, zakon ponekad tretira maloljetnike drukčije od odraslih. U ovoj oblasti treba obratiti pažnju na proceduralnu zaštitu koja je dodijeljena maloljetnicima u Klauzuli o zakonitosti postupanja, ali isto tako i biti svjestan da im zaštita nije uvijek dostupna. Većina ustavnih prava je dostupna, kao što je pravo na branioca i privilegija protiv samoinkriminacije, ali ne postoji pravo na suđenje pred porotom i sudija može da naredi suđenje iza zatvorenih vrata. S druge strane, uzroci i posljedice adolescentnog nasilja i dalje nastavljaju da zaokupljaju značajan interes istraživača, naročito kada se zna da mladi počine najveći dio od svih krivičnih djela u SAD, kao i da imaju veće šanse nego odrasli da postanu žrtve nasilnih krivičnih djela. Štaviše, u SAD rasne i etničke grupe su umiješane u nasilje u različitim stepenima. Podaci takođe upućuju da se ove različitosti prvo pojavljuju u adolescenciji. Na primjer, u službenim i neslužbenim izvještajima nasilni i maloljetni prekršaji su češći među afričkim Amerikancima i Latinoamerikancima nego bijelcima, mnogo manje nego među američkim Azijatima. Ne samo da nasilje među mladima izaziva neposredne i znatne troškove za društvo, nego istraživanja sugerišu da izloženost nasilju tokom adolescencije može imati duugovječne posljedice tokom životnog ciklusa. Stoga, ostaje važno da se identifikuju i socijalni i strukturni faktori koji povećavaju rizik od nasilja među pojedinačnim rasnim i etničkim grupama.
Keywords: maloljetnička delinkvencija, sistem maloljetničkog pravosuđa, procesne garancije, maloljetnički sud, sudska vlast, Vrhovni sud SAD, pravo na branioca
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