Pranje novca – zakonska obeležja i praktične dileme

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Autor/i: Vanja Bajović, Snežana Miletić

Apstrakt: Rad analizira zakonska obeležja krivičnog dela pranja novca u domaćem krivičnom pravu, sa posebnim osvrtom na sporna pitanja sudske prakse, probleme dokazivanja i praktičnu efikasnost krivičnopravne reakcije. Cilj istraživanja jeste ispitivanje odnosa između predikatnog krivičnog dela i pranja novca, granica kažnjivog samopranja i subjektivnog elementa dela, kao i analiza stvarne primene ovog krivičnog dela u domaćoj praksi. Cilj istraživanja jeste ispitivanje odnosa između predikatnog krivičnog dela i pranja novca, granica kažnjivog samopranja i subjektivnog elementa dela, kao i analiza stvarne primene ovog krivičnog dela u domaćoj praksi. Diskutabilno je da li se krivičnopravna reakcija na pranje novca u Srbiji primenjuje dovoljno efikasno i da li obuhvata najsloženije oblike finansijskog kriminaliteta. Osnovno istraživačko pitanje odnosi se na to da li postoje nesklad između normativno razvijenog sistema sprečavanja pranja novca i njegove praktične primene u sudskoj praksi. Polazna hipoteza jeste da se krivično delo pranja novca u domaćoj praksi i dalje relativno retko procesuira, da je kaznena politika pretežno blaga i da krivičnopravna reakcija često ostaje usmerena na dokazno jednostavnije slučajeve, dok složeni finansijski tokovi, povezane korporativne strukture i legalizacija kapitala kroz tržište nepokretnosti ostaju nedovoljno obuhvaćeni. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je domaća sudska praksa postepeno napustila raniji formalistički pristup dokazivanju predikatnog krivičnog dela i prihvatila funkcionalnije tumačenje kriminalnog porekla imovine. Međutim, statistički podaci ukazuju da broj pravnosnažnih osuđujućih presuda i dalje ostaje relativno nizak u odnosu na pretpostavljenu rasprostranjenost nezakonitih finansijskih tokova, dok uslovne osude i blaže sankcije dominiraju u kaznenoj politici. The paper analyzes the legal characteristics of the criminal offense of money laundering in Serbian criminal law, with particular emphasis on judicial practice, evidentiary issues, and the practical effectiveness of criminal law enforcement. The aim of the research is to examine the relationship between the predicate offense and money laundering, the limits of self-laundering, the subjective element of the offense, and the liability of professional participants in financial transactions, as well as to assess the actual application of this criminal offense in domestic practice. Particular attention is devoted to the question of whether criminal law enforcement adequately addresses complex forms of financial crime and the legalization of illicitly acquired assets through formally lawful economic activities. The main research question concerns whether there is a discrepancy between the normatively developed anti-money laundering framework and its practical implementation in judicial practice. The central hypothesis of the paper is that money laundering is still prosecuted relatively rarely in Serbia, that sentencing policy remains predominantly lenient, and that criminal prosecution is often focused on evidentially simpler cases, while complex financial flows, connected corporate structures, and the legalization of illicit assets through the real estate market remain insufficiently addressed. The results of the research show that Serbian judicial practice has gradually abandoned the earlier formalistic approach to proving the predicate offense and adopted a more functional interpretation of the criminal origin of assets. However, statistical data indicate that the number of final convictions remains relatively low compared to the presumed scale of illicit financial flows, while suspended sentences and other lenient sanctions continue to dominate sentencing policy. The discussion highlights that the formal harmonization of domestic legislation with FATF standards and international conventions does not by itself ensure the actual effectiveness of the anti-money laundering system. Particular attention is devoted to the difficulties of proving complex financial transactions, the relationship between predicate offenses and self-laundering, as well as the role of the real estate market and connected legal entities in the legalization of illicitly acquired assets. The paper concludes that effective anti-money laundering efforts depend primarily on the quality of financial investigations, institutional coordination, and the state’s ability to identify and permanently confiscate assets of criminal origin.

Ključne reči: pranje novca, predikatno krivično delo, samopranje, umišljaj, dokazivanje, finansijski kriminalitet / money laundering, predicate offence, self-laundering, mens rea, evidentiary challenges, financial crime