Sexual corruption in Bosnia and Herzegovina – Prevalence and legal norms
Autor/i: Mile Šikman, Gorica Ivić, Gorica Ivić
Stranice: 103-117
UDK: 343.436(497.6)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47152/rkkp.62.3.6
Apstrakt: Sexual corruption is a socially unacceptable behavior that is extremely widespread in society, while at the same time not recognized as such, nor is it directly treated by the positive legislation. The reason for such an attitude can be found in the "normalization" of these behaviors, and consequently their toleration and non-reporting to the responsible authorities. This is a global phenomenon that has a pronounced impact on women and other vulnerable groups, and as such is also present in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The first question that arises is how widespread this phenomenon is and the ways in which it can be determined. The second question concerns the legal regulation of sexual corruption in the positive legislation, more precisely looking at provisions that already exist in the laws in BiH. In addition, the objective of this analysis is to examine the possibility of integrating the concept of sexual corruption into relevant laws and policies, while establishing a clear distinction compared to other forms of sexual violence. In this way, the awareness of the harmfulness of the mentioned behavior would be raised and the attitude adopted that no one is obliged to suffer sexual corruption and "exercise their rights" or "avoid harmful consequences" in that way. Seksualna korupcija je društveno neprihvaljivo ponašanje koje je izrazito rasprostranje u društvu, a istovremeno nije prepoznata kao takva, niti je direktno tretirana pozitivinim zakonodavstvom. Razlog za takav stav možemo tražiti u ’’normalizaciji’’ ovih ponašanja, a shodno tome i njihovom tolerisanju i neprijavljivanju nadležnim organima. Ovo je globalni fenomen koji ima izražen uticaj na žene i druge ranjive grupe, a kao takav prisutan je i u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH). Prvo pitanje koje se postavlja jeste kolika je rasprostanjenost ovog fenomena i načini na koje je to moguće utvrditi. Drugo pitanje tiče se pravnog normiranja seksualne kourpcije u pozitivnom zakonodavstvu, odnosno da se sagledaju odredbe koje već postoje u zakonima u BiH. Pored toga cilj rada jeste da se i ispita mogućnost integracije pojma seksualne korupcije u relevantne zakone i politike, uz utvrđivanje jasne distinckije sa drugim oblicima sekskualnog nasilja. Na taj način podigla bi se svijest o štetnosti navedenog ponašanja i usvojio stav da niko nije dužan da trpi seksualnu korupciju i ‘’ostvaruje svoja prava’’ ili ‘’izbjegava štetne posledice’’ na taj način.
Ključne reči: sexual corruption, sextortion, sexual harassment, corruption, Bosnia and Herzegovina. seksualna korupcija, sextortion, seskualno uznemiranje, korupcija, Bosna i Hercegovina.
Reference:
1. Agencija za ravnopravnost polova Bosne i Hercegovine. (2013) Karakteristike nasilja nad ženama u Bosni i Hercegovini. Dostupno na: https://arsbih.gov.ba/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/studija_prevalenca.pdf (Pristupljeno 18. Jun 2024)
2. Babić, M. (2008) Krivično pravo – opšti i posebni dio. Banja Luka: Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Banjoj Luci.
3. Bigio, J., and Hoffmann, L. (2016) Fighting Corruption by Combating Sexual Extortion, Blog post, Dostupno na: https://www.cfr.org/blog/fighting-corruption-combating-sexual-extortion (Pristupljeno 18. Jun 2024)
4. Bjarnegård, E., Calvo, D., Eldén, Å., Jonsson, S., and Lundgren, S. (2024) ‘Sex instead of money: Conceptualizing sexual corruption’. Governance, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12844
5. Carnegie, S. (2019) Sextortion A crime of corruption and sexual exploitation. London: International Bar Association. Dostupno na: https://www.ibanet.org/MediaHandler?id=E5E451C2-A883-4518-B0ED-5AAAEBCDD5AA (pristupljno 18. Jul 2024)
6. Coleman, M., Colombini, M., Bandali, S., Wright, T., Chilumpha, M., and Balabanova, D. (2024) ‘When sex is demanded as payment for health-care services’. Lancet Glob Health 12(7), е1209-е1213. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S2214-109X(24)00143-8
7. Divjak, B. (2021) Sextortion - prikrivena korupcija: studija slučaja Bosne i Hercegovine: izvještaj. Banja Luka: Transparency International Bosna i Hercegovina. Dostupno na: https://ti-bih.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Sextortion-BHS-1.pdf (pristupljno 18. Jul 2024)
8. Eldén, Å., Calvo, D., Bjarnegård, E., Lundgren, S., and Jonsson, S. (2020) Sextortion: Corruption and Gender-Based Violence, EBA Report 2020:06, the Expert Group for Aid Studies (EBA), Sweden. Dostupno na: https://eba.se/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Sextortion_webb.pdf (pristupljeno 16. Jun 2024)
9. Enste, D., and Heldman, C. (2017) Causes and consequences of corruption: An overview of empirical results, IW-Report, No. 2/2017, Köln: Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft (IW),
10. Feigenblatt, H. (2020) Breaking the silence around sextortion: The links between power, sex and corruption. Transparency International. Dostupno na: https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2020_Report_BreakingSilenceAroundSextortion_English.pdf (Prisupljeno 28. Jul 2024)
11. Hendry, N.H. (2021) ‘Sextortion’, in: Miller, K., and Wendt, K. (eds) The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on Ethics. Sustainable Finance. Cham: Springer, (315-320). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57020-0_23
12. Hong, S., Lu, N,, Wu, D., Jimenez, D., and Milanaik, R. (2020) ‘Digital sextortion: Internet predators and pediatric interventions’. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 32(1), 192-197, https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000854
13. Ignjatović, Đ. (2023) Metodologija istraživanja kriminaliteta, sa metodikom izrade naučnog rada. Beograd: Univerzitet u Beogradu – Pravni fakultet
14. International Association of Women Judges. (2012) Stopping The Abuse Of Power Through Sexual Exploitation: Naming, Shaming, And Ending Sextortion. Dosupno na: https://www.unodc.org/res/ji/import/guide/naming_shaming_ending_sextortion/naming_shaming_ending_sextortion.pdf (Prisupljeno 28. Jun 2024)
15. International Association of Women Judges. (2015) Combating Sextortion a Comparative Study of Laws to Prosecute Corruption Involving Sexual Exploitation. Dostupno na: https://www.trust.org/contentAsset/raw-data/588013e6-2f99-4d54-8dd8-9a65ae2e0802/file (pristupljeno 18. Jun 2024)
16. Kirya, M. (2024) At last, the UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) gets a gender lens. U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre. Dostupno na: https://www.u4.no/blog/at-last-the-united-nations-convention-against-corruption-uncac-gets-a-gender-lens (pristupljeno 16. Jun 2024)
17. Kombako, D. (2007) ‘Corruption as a consequence of cultural and social idiosyncrasies in a developing society’ in: Ayius, A., and May, R. (eds.) Corruption in Papua New Guinea: Towards an Understanding of Issues, Port Moresby: National Research Institute, (27-38).
18. Krivični zakon Bosne i Hercegovine (2003), Službeni glasnik Bosne i Hercegovine br. 3/2003, 32/2003 - ispr., 37/2003, 54/2004, 61/2004, 30/2005, 53/2006, 55/2006, 8/2010, 47/2014, 22/2015, 40/2015, 35/2018, 46/21, 31/23, 47/23.
19. Krivični zakon Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine (2003), Službene novine FBiH, br. 36/2003, 21/2004 - ispr., 69/2004, 18/2005, 42/2010, 42/2011, 59/2014, 76/2014, 46/2016 i 75/2017, 31/23.
20. Krivični zakonik Republike Srpske (2017), Službeni glasnik RS, br. 64/2017, 104/2018 - odluka US, 15/2021, 89/2021, 73/2023 i "Sl. glasnik BiH", br. 9/2024 - odluka US BiH.
21. Krivični zakon Brčko Distrikta BiH (2020), Službeni glasnik Brčko Distrikta BiH, br. 19/2020 - prečišćen tekst, 3/24, 14/24.
22. Leach, F. (2013) 'Corruption as abuse of power: Sexual violence in educational institutions', Sweeney, G., Despota, K., and Lindner, S. (Eds.). Global Corruption Report: Education (1st ed.). London: Transparency International. (88-98)
23. Lindberg, H., and Stensöta, H. (2018) ’Corruption as exploitation: Feminist exchange theories and the linkbetween gender and corruption’, in: Stensöta, H., and Wangnerud, L. (eds.) Gender and corruption: Historical roots and new avenues for research. Cham: Springer International Publishing, (237-256)
24. O’Malley, R. L., and Holt, K. M. (2022) ‘Cyber Sextortion: An Exploratory Analysis of Different Perpetrators Engaging in a Similar Crime’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(1–2), 258–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520909186
25. OSCE. (2019) Istraživanje OESS-a o nasilju nad ženama u Bosni i Hercegovini: Dobrobit i blagostanje žena. Dostupno na: https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/f/7/439724_0.pdf (pristupljeno 22. Jun 2024).
26. OSCE. (2021) Gender and Corruption: What do We Know? A Discussion Paper. Dostupno na: https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/4/6/507569.pdf (pristupljeno 16. Jun 2024.)
27. OSCE. (2022) Seksualno uznemiravanje žena u Bosni i Hercegovini: Analiza na osnovu podataka iz OSCE-ovog istraživanja o nasilju nad ženama. Dostupno na: https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/1/9/531893_0.pdf (pristupljeno 12. Jun 2024)
28. Patchin, J. W., and Hinduja, S. (2020) ‘Sextortion Among Adolescents: Results From a National Survey of U.S. Youth’, Sexual Abuse, 32(1), 30 – 54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063218800469
29. Rakanović Radonjić, A. (2023) Stavovi o seksualnom uznemiravanju i zlostavljanju – komparativna studija. Banja Luka: Fondacija Udružene žene Banja Luka. Dostupno na: https://udruzene-zene.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Istrazivanje-o-stavovima-o-seksualnom-uznemiravanju_FINAL.pdf (Prisupljeno 28. Jun 2024)
30. Rose-Ackerman, S. (2004) ‘Corruption’. in: Rowley, C.K., Schneider, F. (eds.) The Encyclopedia of Public Choice. Springer, Boston, MA. (67 – 76). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-47828-4_5
31. Rothstein, Bo, and Teorell, (2008) ‘What is quality of government? A theory of impartial government institutions’, Governance, 21(2), 165–190, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2008.00391.x
32. Stojanović, Z. (2018) Komentar Krivičnog zakonika. Beograd: Službeni glasnik.
33. Sundström, A., and Wängnerud, L. (2021) Sexual forms of corruption and sextortion: How to expand research in a sensitive area. Working paper series 2021:10. Gothenburg: The Quality Of Government Institute, University of Gothenburg.
34. Šikman, M., i Ivić, G. (2023). Istraživanje o rasprostranjenosti sekusalnog iznuđivanja (sextortion) u društvu – osnovna zamisao istraživanja. Banja Luka: Helsinški parlament građana Banja Luka.
35. Transparency International, Bosna i Hercegovina. (2021) Indeks percepcije korupcije 2021. Dostupno na: https://ti-bih.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Izvjestaj-CPI-2021..pdf (pristupljeno 25. Jun 2024).
36. Zahiragić, A., Mahić, A, Pašić, M., Ćosić, J. Šaćirović, J., Kadribašić, A., i Susmel, E. (2011) Suprotstavljanje iznuđivanju seksa sa pozicije moći. Sarajevo: Udruženje žena sudija u Bosni i Hercegovini. Dostupno na: http://www.uzsbih.ba/uimages/publikacije/seksualno_iznudjivanje-prirucnik.pdf, (pristupljeno 11. Jul 2023).
37. Towns, A. (2015) ‘Prestige, Immunity and Diplomats: Understanding Sexual Corruption’. in: Dahlström, C., Wängnerud, L. (eds.) Elites, Institutions and the Quality of Government. Executive Politics and Governance. London: Palgrave Macmillan, (49-65). https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137556288_4
38. United Nations. (2021a) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 June 2021, A/RES/S-32/1, 7 June 2021, Dostupno na: https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n21/138/82/pdf/n2113882.pdf?token=OfPqeIR8st8Jbh0qTs&fe=true (pristupljeno 16. June 2024)
39. United Nations. (2021b) Ninth session: Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption (Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, 13-17 December 2021). Dostupno na: https://www.unodc.org/corruption/en/cosp/conference/session9-resolutions.html (pristupljeno 16. June 2024)
40. United Nations. (2023) Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, CAC/COSP/2023/L.14/Rev.1. Dostupno na: https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/COSP/session10/resolutions/L-documents/2325384E_L.14_Rev.1.pdf (Pristupljeno 10. Jun 2024)
41. Vasiljević-Prodanović, D. (2012) ’Zna¬čaj is¬tra¬ži¬va¬nja kon¬cen¬tra¬ci¬je kri¬mi¬na¬li¬te¬ta kao me-re pono¬vlje¬ne vik¬ti¬mi¬za¬ci¬je’. Temida 15(3), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.2298/TEM1203067V
42. Wolak, J., and Finkelhor, D. (2016) Sextortion: Findings from a survey of 1,631 victims. Child Abuse Library Online. Dostupno na: https://calio.dspacedirect.org/handle/11212/3037 (pristupljeno 16. June 2024)
43. Zakon o radu u institucija Bosne i Hercegovine (2004), Službeni glasnik BiH, br. 26/2004, 7/2005, 48/2005, 50/2008 - dr. zakon, 60/2010, 32/2013, 93/2017, 59/2022 i 88/2023
44. Zakon o zabrani diskriminacije (2009), Službeni glasnik BiH, br. 59/09, 66/16.
45. Zakon o ravnopravnosti polova u Bosni i Hercegovini - prečišćeni tekst (2010), Službeni glasnik BiH br. 32/10.
46. Zakon o radu Republike Srpske (2016), Službeni glasnik Republike Srpske, br. 1/2016, 66/2018.
47. Zakon o zaštiti od uznemiravanja na radu Republike Srpske (2021), Službeni glasnik Republike Srpske, br. 90/2021
48. Zakon o radu (2016), Službene novine FBiH, br. 26/2016, 89/2018, 23/2020 - odluka US, 49/2021 - dr. zakon, 103/2021 - dr. zakon, 44/2022 i 39/2024