Bringing hazardous materials into Serbia and illegal processing, disposal, and storage of hazardous materials – a criminal offence under article 266 of the Criminal code

Kompletan rad u pdf formatu

Autor/i: Olga Tešović, Željka Nikolić, Nebojša Radović,

Stranice: 29-52
UDK: 349.6(497.11) 502.14(497.11)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47152/rkkp.62.1.2

Apstrakt: This paper examines the legal and practical aspects of Article 266 of the Serbian Criminal Code, which criminalizes the import, as well as illegal processing, disposal, and storage of hazardous materials in Serbia. The study explores the conceptual underpinnings of the law, emphasizing its role in safeguarding public health and environmental safety. It scrutinizes the application of Article 266, highlighting notable cases and enforcement strategies employed by Serbian judicial authorities, as well as a study cases related to problems of hazardous waste. The paper also delves into the inherent challenges in the legislation`s implementation, including the identification and classification of dangerous substances, the evolving nature of hazardous materials, and jurisdictional issues. Moreover, the study critically analyzes the impact of international conventions and European Union standards on Serbian law, exploring how global trends influence domestic legal frameworks. The paper concludes by offering recommendations for enhancing the efficacy of Article 266, suggesting legislative reforms, raising public awareness, and improving inter-agency collaboration to effectively combat the illegal handling of hazardous materials in Serbia. U radu se analiziraju pravni i praktični aspekti člana 266. Krivičnog zakonika Republike Srbije, koji inkriminiše unošenje, kao i nedozvoljeno prerađivanje, odlaganje i skladištenje opasnih materija u Srbiji. Istražuju se konceptualne osnove ovog propisa, ističući njegovu ulogu u zaštiti javnog zdravlja i sigurnosti životne sredine. Detaljno se razmatra primena člana 266. KZ, sa akcentom na značajne slučajeve i strategije primene koje koristi srpsko pravosuđe, kao i na studije slučaja koje se odnose na probleme opasnog otpada. Rad takođe produbljuje razmatranje inherentnih izazova u implementaciji zakonodavstva, uključujući identifikaciju i klasifikaciju opasnih materija, njihovu razvojnu prirodu i pitanja nadležnosti. Štaviše, kritički se analizira uticaj međunarodnih konvencija i standarda Evropske unije na srpsko zakonodavstvo, istražujući kako globalni trendovi utiču na domaće pravne okvire. Rad se zaključuje sa preporukama za unapređenje efikasnosti člana 266. KZ, sugerisanjem zakonodavnih reformi, podizanja svesti javnosti i unapređenja multisektorske saradnje radi efikasnog suzbijanja ilegalnog upravljanja opasnim materijama u Srbiji.

Ključne reči: Serbian Criminal Code, Hazardous Material Regulation, Public Health Protection, Environmental Crime, Hazardous Waste Management Krivični zakonik Republike Srbije, pravno regulisanje opasnih materija, zaštita javnog zdravlja, ekološki kriminal, upravljanje opasnim otpadom

Reference:
- Adult perpetrators of criminal offenses in the Republic of Serbia - reports, accusations and convictions - (2006-2022) (Punoletni učinioci krivičnih dela u Republici Srbiji - prijave, optuženja i osude- (2006-2022)), Republic Institute of Statistics of the Republic of Serbia. Available at: https://www.stat.gov.rs/oblasti/pravosudje/ , accessed on 18.1.2024. - Andersson, J. T. & Achten, C. (2015) Time to Say Goodbye to the 16 EPA PAHs? Toward an Up-to-Date Use of PACs for Environmental Purposes, Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Vol. 35, Issue 2-4, pp. 330-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2014.991042 - Batrićević, A. (2018). Social, Economic and Political Factors of Environmental Crime. In: The VIII International Scientific Conference Archibald Reiss Days, Thematic Conference Proceedings of International Significance, Vol.1., pp. 137-148 - Batrićević, A. & Stevanović, I. (2023). Environmental policies in Serbia and the violation of the rights of the child. Revija za kriminologiju i krivično pravo, Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 47-63 https://doi.org/10.47152/rkkp.61.3.3 - Bejatović, S. & Šikman, M. (2014). Transnacionalni ekološki kriminalitet. In: M. Šikman (Ed.), Zbornik radova, Međunarodna naučno stručna konferencija Suzbijanje kriminaliteta i evropske integracije, s osvrtom na ekološki kriminalitet, Banja Luka: Visoka škola unutrašnjih poslova, pp. 13-31 - Basel Convention, “The Convention portal”. (2024). Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1989). Available at: https://www.basel.int/ , accessed on 18.1.2024. - Bulletin of Judicial Practice of the Supreme Court (2006), No. 1/2006. Available at: https://www.vk.sud.rs/sites/default/files/files/Bilteni/VrhovniSud/bilten%202006-1.pdf , accessed on 18.1.2024. - Bulgarski, T. (2015). Izazovi organizovanog ekološkog kriminaliteta. In: Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta Novi Sad, Issue 3, pp. 1097 – 1107 - Clapp, J. (2001). Toxic Exports: The Transfer of Hazardous Wastes from Rich to Poor Countries. Cornell University Press - Ćesarević, J. (2023). Environmental crime as a form of endangering environmental security in the Republic of Serbia. PhD thesis, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Security. Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_nardus_22019 , accessed on 18.1.2024. - Drenovak - Ivanović, M., Đorđević, S., Vučković, B., Sinđelić, D. & Važić, S. (2020). Praktikum o primeni ekološkog prava – studije slučaja. Belgrade Gallacher, C., Thomas, R., Taylor, C., Lord, R. & Kalin, R. M. (2017). Comprehensive composition of Creosote using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of- flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS), Chemosphere, Vol. 178, pp. 34-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.050 - European Parliament and Council (1994). Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (94/62/EC). - European Parliament and Council (2006). EU Waste Shipment Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 - European Parliament and Council (2008). Directive 2008/98/EC on waste. - European Parliament and Council (2011). Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (2011/65/EU). - European Parliament and Council. (2012). Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (2012/19/EU). - European Commission (1999). Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC). - European Commission (2014). “Towards a Circular Economy: A Zero Waste Programme for - Europe.” Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:50edd1fd-01ec-11e4-831f-01aa75ed71a1.0001.01/DOC_1&format=PDF , accessed on 18.1.2024. - Hagen, P. & Walls, M. (2005). The Stockholm Convention On Persistent Organic Pollutants. Natural Resources & Environment, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 49-52. Available at:https://www.bdlaw.com/content/uploads/2018/06/the-stockholm-convention-on-persistent-organic-pollutants-paul-hagen-aba-natural-resources-environment-volume-19-number-4-spring-2005.pdf , accessed on 18.1.2024. - „Hazardous waste in Serbia: It is not known how much there is, how it is stored and marked.“ Available at: https://n1info.rs/biznis/opasan-otpad-u-srbiji-ne-zna-se-koliko-ga-ima-kako-se-skladisti-i-oznacava/ , accessed on 18.1.2024. - “How long will we live with hazardous waste in our yard.” Available at: https://www.bbc.com/serbian/lat/srbija-43560981, accessed on 18.1.2024. - Krueger, J. (1999). International Trade and the Basel Convention. Royal Institute for International Affairs, London - Law on Environmental Protection („Official Gazette of Republic of Serbia", no. 135/2004, 36/2009, 36/2009 – another law, 72/2009 - another law, 43/2011 – decision of CC, 14/2016, 76/2018, 95/2018 - another law and 95/2018 - another law) - Law on Radiation and Nuclear Safety and Security ("Official Gazette of Republic of Serbia", No. 95/18 and 10/19) - Law on Transport of Dangerous Goods („Official Gazette of Republic of Serbia", no. 104/2016, 83/2918, 95/2018- another law and 10/2019 - another law) - Law on Waste Management („Official Gazette of Republic of Serbia", no. 36/2009, 88/2010, 14/2016, 95/2018 -another law and 35/2023) - Lazarević, Lj. (2011). Komentar Krivičnog zakonika Republike Srbije, drugo izmenjeno i dopunjeno izdanje, Beograd - Li, Q. Q., Loganath, A., Chong, Y. S., Tan, J., & Obbard, J. P. (2006). Persistent organic pollutants and adverse health effects in humans. Journal of toxicology and environmental health.Part A, 69(21), 1987–2005. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390600751447 - Lukić, T. (2012). Otkrivanje i istraživanje ekološkog kriminaliteta. Revija za kriminologiju i krivično pravo, No. 1-2, str. 219 - 234 - Marković, I. (2022). Krivično delo unošenja opasnih materija u Srbiju i nedozvoljeno prerаđivanje, odlaganje i skladištenje opasnih materija iz člana 266. Krivičnog zakonika Srbije. In: Zbornik radova Međunarodni naučni skup „Izazovi i perspektive razvoja pravnih sistema u XXI vijeku“, Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Banja Luci, Bosna i Hercegovina, No. 2, pp. 501-512. Available at: https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1132160, accessed on 18.1.2024. - Nemeth, P. (2015). The Basel Convention and the transboundary movements of hazardous waste to the developing world. PhD thesis, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.  https://doi.org/doi:10.7282/T39P33JB -Nikolić, Ž. M., Radović, N. R. & Tešović, O. (2023a). Why should used creosote impregnated wood waste be characterized as hazardous? In: Book of Abstracts, 8th International Student Conference on Technical Sciences ISC 2023, pp. 25–26. Available at: https://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/6056 , accessed on 18.1.2024. - Prlja, D., Stepić, D. & Savović, D. (2012). Upravljanje otpadom - međunarodni propisi sa posebnim osvrtom na regulativu Evropske Unije. In: Čavoški, A. & Bojović Knežević, A. (ed.) Ekologija i pravo, Institut za uporedno pravo i Pravni fakultet Univerziteta Union, Beograd, pp.150-165 - Radović, N. R., Nikolić, Ž. M. & Tešović, O. (2023b). Managing the Hazardous Chemical Waste in Laboratories: Are We on the Right Path? In: Book of Abstracts, 8th International Student Conference on Technical Sciences ISC 2023, pp. 38–39. Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_6055 , accessed on 18.1.2024. - Radović, N. R., Nikolić, Ž. M. & Tešović, O. (2023c). Exploring Trends in Environmental Pollution and Hazardous Chemical Waste Reporting. In: Proceedings of the 29th International Symposium on Analytical and Environmental Problems, pp. 278–282. Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_6201 , accessed on 18.1.2024. - Rotterdam Convention, “The Convention portal”. (2024). Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International - Trade (1998). Available at: https://www.pic.int/Home/tabid/855/language/en-US/Default.aspx , accessed on 18.1.2024. - Rulebook on the content of the documentation submitted with the application for the issuance of a permit for the import, export and transit of waste ("Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", no. 60/2009, 101/2010, 48/2017, 98/2017, 38/2018 and 6/2021) - Sindjelić, D., Samuilov, J., Vulević, V., Tukar, M., Drnovak - Ivanović, M., Pejović, T., Krunić, D. & Stanković, J. (2021). Vodič za postupanje u slučaju nepropisnog upravljanja opasnim otpadom, Ministarstvo zaštite životne sredine i Misija OEBS-a u Srbiji, Beograd - Stockholm Convention, “The Convention portal”. (2024). Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001). Available at: https://chm.pops.int/ , accessed on 18.1.2024. - Stojanović, Z. (2018). Komentar Krivičnog zakonika, 7. izmenjeno izdanje, Službeni glasnik, Beograd - Stojanović, Z. & Perić, O. (2011). Krivično pravo – posebno deo, XIV izdanje, Beograd - Vučković, B., Komlen – Nikolić, L. & Samuilov, J. (2022). Javno tužilaštvo i zaštita životne sredine: normativni okvir i analiza problema u primeni (Public prosecution and environmental protection: normative framework and analysis of problems in application), Udruženje tužilaca Srbije, Beograd - Waste Catalogue (Instructions for Determining the index number, Environmental Protection Agency, Republic of Serbia, 2010.). Available at: https://www.sepa.gov.rs/download/Otpad/UputstvoKatalogOtpada.pdf , accessed on 18.1.2024. - Waste Management Program of the Republic of Serbia for the Period 2022-2031. ("Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia" No. 12, February 1, 2022)