New technologies and enforced disappearances: opportunities and challenges for the protection of human rights

Kompletan rad u pdf formatu

Autor/i: Stefanovska Vesna,

Stranice: 107-127
UDK: 343.43
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47152/rkkp.62.1.6

Apstrakt: New technologies and enforced disappearances have been part of thematic study included in the annual report of the Working Group on Enforced and Involuntary Disappearances (WGEID) published in August 2023. Enforced disappearances present flagrant human rights violation where the families of disappeared person are not familiar with the fate and whereabouts of their disappeared relatives. The use of new technologies in cases of enforced disappearances may enhance the human rights protection, facilitate the search for disappeared persons and obtain evidence. However, new technologies can be used to prevent further investigations and obtain evidence especially in cases where torture is committed by state actors and cases of enforced disappearances in transnational context. This paper will analyze the positive and negative effects from the use of new technologies in enforced disappearances and will emphasize the importance to conduct an effective investigation and to acknowledge the right to truth in these cases.

Ključne reči: enforced disappearances, new technologies, information, disappeared person, human rights

Reference:
- AI and missing persons: innovative solutions to an age-old problem, https://www.veritone.com/blog/ai-public-safety-missing-persons/ - Anderson, K. (2006). How effective is the International Convention for the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance likely to be in holding individuals criminally responsible for acts of enforced disappearance? Melbourne Journal of International Law Vol.7/06 - Andreu-Guzmán. F. (2015). Enforced Disappearance and Extrajudicial Execution: Investigation and Sanction - A Practitioners Guide No.9. International Commission of Jurists - Border Violence Monitoring Network (2023). EU Member States’ use of new technologies in enforced disappearances. Input for the thematic study by the UN Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearance on “new technologies and enforced disappearances”. https://borderviolence.eu/reports/eu-member-states-use-of-new-technologies-in-enforced-disappearances/ - Berkeley Protocol on Digital Open-Source Investigations. (2022). A Practical Guide on the Effective Use of Digital Open-Source Information in Investigating Violations of International Criminal, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law. https://www.ohchr.org/en/publications/policy-and-methodological-publications/berkeley-protocol-digital-open-source - Calvet Martinez, E. (2020) The phenomenon of enforced disappearances in transition to peace. Where are the missing? Truth and justice as a requisite for peace. - Communications transmitted, cases examined, observations made and other activities conducted by the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (2021). 125th session, 20-29 September 2021. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3970483 - Council of Europe. (2016). Thorough investigations and the eradication of impunity –Missing persons and victims of enforced disappearance in Europe - European Commission. (2021). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council - Laying Down Harmonized Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52021PC0206 - ECtHR, 1998. Kurt v. Turkey, 15/1997/799/1002 - ECtHR, 2000. Labita v. Italy, no. 26772/95 - ECtHR, 2006. Bazorkina v. Russia, app.no.69481/01 - ECtHR, 2012. El-Masri v. Macedonia, 39630/09 - ECtHR, Aslakhanova and Others v. Russia, 2012, app.no 2944/06, 8300/07, 332/08, 42509/10 - ECtHR, 2016. Jeronovičs v. Latvia, app. no. 44898/10 - Galvis Patino, M.C. (2021). The work of the Committee on Enforced Disappearance - Achievements and jurisprudence ten years after the entry into force of the international convention for the protection of all persons from enforced disappearances. The Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights - IACHR Series C No 4.1988, Velásquez Rodríguez v Honduras - Kyriakou, N. (2012). The International Convention for the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance and its contributions to international human rights law, with specific reference to extraordinary rendition. Melbourne Journal of International Law Vol.13/2012 - Kyriakou, N. (2012) An affront to the conscience of humanity enforced disappearance in international human rights law. European University Institute. DOI: 10.2870/46831 - Munk School of Global Affairs & Public Policy (2022). Submission of the Citizen Lab (Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto) to the United Nations Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances. https://citizenlab.ca/2022/06/submission-to-the-united-nations-working-group-on-enforced-or-involuntary-disappearances/ - NDTV. 2022. Pegasus Spyware Maker NSO Group Has Contracts In 12 EU Countries: Report. https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pegasus-spyware-maker-nso-group-has-contracts-in-12-eu-countries-report-3244072 - Orentlicher, D. (2005). Promotion and protection of human rights, Impunity - Report of the independent expert to update the Set of principles to combat impunity - Updated Set of principles for the protection and promotion of human rights through action to combat impunity E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1 UN Economic and Social Council, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G05/109/00/PDF/G0510900.pdf?OpenElement - Privacy International. (2023). New technologies and enforced disappearances: Response to the call for input for a thematic study by the UN Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/disappearances/cfi/newtechnologies/submissions/cso/wgeid-submission-privacy-international.pdf - Regulation (EU) 2021/821 of the European Parliament and of the Council (2021) setting up a Union regime for the control of exports, brokering, technical assistance, transit and transfer of dual-use items (recast). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32021R0821 - Section on Archives and Human Rights (SAHR) – International Council on Archives. (2023) Thematic study by the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances on “New technology and enforced disappearances” – Comment submitted by the Section on Archives and Human Rights. https://www.ica.org/en/about-archives-and-human-rights - Stefanovska, V. (2021). The importance of the “right to the truth” in El-Masri case: Lessons learned from the extraordinary rendition. Torture Journal, 31(3), 59–69. https://doi.org/10.7146/torture.v32i3.128147 - Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-use Goods and Technologies. (1996). https://www.wassenaar.org/ - Webber, D. Sherani, K. (2022) Addressing the continuing phenomenon of enforced disappearances. Center for Strategic & International Studies. - Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (2022). Report A/HRC/51/31. https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/ahrc5131-report-working-group-enforced-or-involuntary-disappearances - Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (2023). Report A/HRC/54/22. https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/ahrc5422-enforced-or-involuntary-disappearance-report-working-group - Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances. (2023). Report A/HRC/54/22/Add.5. https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/ahrc5422add5-new-technologies-and-enforced-disappearances-report-working - United Nations (2019). Guiding principles for the search for disappeared persons. https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/legal-standards-and-guidelines/guiding-principles-search-disappeared-persons - United Nations (2010). International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-protection-all-persons-enforced