EVALUATION OF HEALTH INTELLIGENCE STUDIES IN TURKEY
Autor/i: Muhittin Demi̇rkasimoğlu, PhD,
Stranice: 117-141
UDK: 351.773(560)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47152/rkkp.61.1.6
Apstrakt: The last major epidemic, the COVID-19 pandemic, has revealed that there are many deficiencies in the health field. During the COVID-19 pandemic, as far as the media followed, many countries had difficulties accessing medical supplies, vaccines, and drugs and did not allow some medical products to leave the country. It has been observed that the necessary materials have disappeared with the work of the intelligence agencies of some countries. Politicians and scientists from many countries have put forth conspiracy theories about the source of the pandemic and the country of origin, and accusations have included claims about the use of biological weapons. This study aims to reveal what health intelligence is and what kinds of studies are done in Turkey and around the world. For this, the in-depth literature study of the case pattern study, one of the qualitative research methods, was used. In the analysis of the study, a descriptive analysis was made and the results were discussed.
Ključne reči: Intelligence, medical intelligence, cyber attack, biological weapon
Reference:
− Acar, Ü., Urhal, Ö. (2007) İstihbarat, Devlet, Güvenlik, İstihbarat-Terörizm, Ankara, Adalet Yayınevi, str.191-309.
− Babacan, N. (2021, January 10th) Hürriyet Gazetesi, Erişim available at: https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ yazarlar/nuray-babacan/covid-19-biyolojik-bir-silah-mi-tibbi-istihbarat-birimi-olusturulmali-41593038, access on, 21.11.2022
− Bashford, A. (2006) Global biopolitics and the history of world health. History of the Human Sciences, 19, 1, pp.67– 88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695106062148
− Bogdan, R.C. & Biklen, S.K. (1998) Eleven Common Questions about Qualitative Research, Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory and methods (3rd Edition). Boston, Allyn and Bacon. pp.39.
− Bolin, R. (1989) Medical Intelligence, FM 8-10-8 Medical Intelligence in a Theater of Operations, U.S. Department of Defense, Washington DC., available at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&-context=dodmilintel, p.1-50, access on 02.11.2022.
− Bowen, G. (2009) Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method, Qualitative Research, Journal, 9(2):27-40, https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027 available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240807798_ Document_Analysis_as_a_Qualitative_Research_ Method, access on 14.11.2021.
− Buckley, C., Clem, R., & Herron, E. (2020) National security implications of the COVID-19 crisis: The urgent need to build state capacity, Minerva Research Initiative, available at: https://minerva.defense.gov/Owl-In-the-OliveTree/Owl_View/Article/2152823/ national-security-implications-of-the-covid-19-crisis-the-urgent-need-to-build/ , access on 20.01.2022.
− Cockerel, I. (2020) War on Science, March 18. (2020), available at: https://www.codastory.com/waronscience/lab-georgia-coronavirus/, accessed on 11.02.2022.
− Creswell, J.W., (2007) Five Qualitative Approaches to Inquiry, Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches, (2nd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc. Thousand Oaks, California, pp. 53-84.
− Davey, L. (1991) The Application of Case Study Evaluations, Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation: Vol. 2 , Article 9. DOI: https://doi.
org/10.7275/02g8-bb93, Available at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=pare, access on, 14.12.2020.
− Devlet İstihbarat Hizmetleri ve Millî İstihbarat Teşkilâtı Kanunu, 03.11.1983, Resmî Gazete, 18210, available at: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=2937&MevzuatTur=1&Mevzuat Tertip=5, access on, 04.10.2022.
− Dion, M., AbdelMalik, P., & Mawudeku, A. (2015) Big Data and the Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN), Canada Communicable Disease Report (CCDR), September 3, 2015, Volume 41-9, pp.209-214, available at: https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v41i09a02, access on 12.10.2022.
− European Parliament and Union (2020) Regulation (EU) 2022/123 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 January 2022, retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX-%3A32022R0123, accessed on: 14.12.2022.
− Eysenbach, G. (2009) Infodemiology and infoveillance: framework for an emerging set of public health informatics methods to analyze search, communication and publication behaviour on the internet. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 11, 1, pp.1-10, 10.2196/jmir.1157 available at:
http://www.jmir.org/2009/1/e11/, access on 18.10.2022.
− French, M. & Myhalovskiy, E, (2013) Public health intelligence and the detection of potential pandemics, Sociology of Health & Illness, 35(2), ISSN 0141–9889, pp. 174–187, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2012.01536.x,Access on, 26.10.2022.
− Friedman, RS. (2002) Review Essay - Open Source Intelligence, NATO Open Source Intelligence Reader, available at: https://cyberwar.nl/d/NATO%20OSINT%20Reader%20FINAL %20Oct2002.pdf, access on 26.02.2022.
− Gambetta, D., Hertog, S., (2016) Mind- sets for Extremists. In: Engineers of Jihad. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, pp.128-158.
− Glasdam, S. & Stjernswärd, S. (2020) Information about the COVID-19 pandemic – A thematic analysis of different ways of perceiving true and untrue information. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 2(1), pp. 1–10. (2020) doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100090, E.T.19.12.2021.
− Hurriyet Gazetesi, (2000, January 10th) Mossad’tan Esat’a idrar tahlili, available at: https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/mossadtan-esata-idrar-tahlili-39124970, access on, 16.10.2022.
− Ikeda, S. (2020) As Global Pandemic Unfolds, Elite Hackers Attempt Cyber Espionage Against the WHO, available at: https://www.cpomagazine.com/cyber-security/as-global-pandemic-unfolds-elite-hackers-attempt-cyber-espionage-against-the-who/, access on 02.11.2022.
− Kaufman, DC. (2001) Medical Intelligence: A Theater Engagement Tool, U.S. Army War College, Pennsylvania, p.iii, available at: https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=480818, access on 14.10.2022.
− Kaçakçılık İstihbarat Koordinasyon Kurulunun Toplanma, Çalışma Esas ve Usulleri Hakkında Yönetmelik, 4.11.1987, Resmî Gazete, 19624, available at: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/File/GeneratePdf?mevzuat -No=8054&mevzuatTur=KurumVeKurulusYonetmeligi&mevzuatTertip=5, access on 22.09.2022.
− Kocabaş, G. (2022, June 6th) Şeytanın aklına gelmeyecek sızma girişimi! Uzmanlar uyardı, Milliyet Gazetesi, available at https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/hedeflerinde-kalbimiz-var-seytanin-aklima-gelmeyecek-sizma-girisimi-6704151, adresinden erişildi. access on, 22.09.2022.
− Lentzos, F. (2018, November 19th) The Russian disinformation attack that poses a biological danger. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, available at: https://thebulletin.org/2018/11/the-russian-https://thebulletin.org/2018/11/the-russian-disinformation-attack-that-poses-a-biological-danger/, Accessed on, 25.11.2022
− Maliye Bakanlığı Gelirler Genel Müdürlüğü, Vergi İstihbarat Uzmanlığı Görev, Yetki, Çalışma ve Atama Yönetmeliği, 10.01.1997, Resmi Gazete, 22873, available at: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/File/GeneratePdf?mevzuatNo=4648&mevzuatTur=KurumVeKurulusYonetmeligi&mevzuatTertip=5, access on 18.10.2022.
− Masood, I., Wang, Y., Daud, A., Aljohani, N.R., & Dawood, H. (2018) Towards Smart Healthcare: Patient Data Privacy and Security in Sensor-Cloud
Infrastructure, Hindawi Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, Volume Article ID 2143897, pp.1-24, https://doi.org/10.1155/ 2018/2143897, access on 19.10.2022.
− Mcdermott, R. (2007) The Use and Abuse of Medical Intelligence. Intelligence and National Security, 22(4), pp.491-520, https://doi.org/10.1080/02684520701640472, Access on, 21.11.2022
− Milliyet Gazetesi, (2013, September, 24th) available at: https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/ suriyelilerden-yayilan-bu-hastalik-turkiyeyi-sariyor-1767683, Access on, 16.11.2022.
− MİT Başkanlığı (2021) available at: https://www.mit.gov.tr/isth-olusum.html, access on 20.09.2022.
− NATO, (1999) AJP-4.10 Allied…a.g.y., p. 32-33; “Medical Intelligence”, available at: http://www.scribd. com/ doc/73607402/t%C4%B1bbi-istihbarat, access on 19.11.2022.
− Özcan, N.A. (2020, April 14th), Korona Sürprizi ve tıbbi İstihbarat, Milliyet Gazetesi, 14.04.2020, available at: https://www.milliyet.com.tr/yazarlar/nihat-ali-ozcan/korona-surprizi-ve-tibbi-istihbarat-6188097, Access on, 27.09.2022.
− Özdağ, Ü. (2002) “Stratejik İstihbarat”. Avrasya Dosyasi Dergisi. 8(2), 2002: 109-149.
− Özdağ, Ü. (2011) İstihbarat Teorisi, (5.bs), Kripto Yayınları, Ankara, pp.17-124.
− Savunma, Güvenlik ve İstihbarat İle İlgili Kamu İdarelerine Ait Devlet Mallarının Denetimi Sonucunda Hazırlanan Raporların Kamuoyuna Duyurulması-
na İlişkin Yönetmelik, 15.08.2012 Resmî Gazete, 28385, available at: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2012/08/ 20120815-2.htm, access on 19.10.2022.
− Seren, M. (2020, May 13th) Kovid-19 krizi ve istihbarat kurumları, Habertürk Gazetesi, available at: https://www.haberturk.com/analiz-kovid-19-krizi-ve-istihbarat-kurumlari-2677923, access on 18.11.2022.
− Shaban-Nejad, A. Michalowski, M and Buckeridge, DL. (2018) Health intelligence: how artificial intelligence transforms population and personalized
health, npj Digital Medicine, pp.1:53, available at: https://doi:10.1038/s41746-018-0058-9, access on 26.10.2022.
− Smith, CA. (1996) Plague in the Ancient World: A Study from Thucydides to Justinian, available at: http://people.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1996-7/Smith.html, access on 29.09.2022.
− Tharoor I, (2021) The Black Death, time.com, available at: http://content.time.com/time/ specials/packages/article/0,28804,2027479_2027486_2027547,00.html, access on 29.09.2022.
− Tiryaki, E. ve Özdal, B, (2020) Açık Kaynak İstihbaratında Sosyal Medyanın Rolünün Analizi, ARHUSS, 3(2), pp.267-296, Access on, 20.01.2022.
− Tümer, D.Ö, (2020, April 13th) Medikal istihbaratın önemi ve en verimli dönemi, Milliyet Gazetesi, available at: https://www.milliyet.com.tr/yazarlar/didem-ozel-tumer/medikal-istihbaratin-onemi-ve-en-verimli-donemi-6187322, access on 20.12.2022.
− Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri, Millî İstihbarat Teşkilâtı, Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü, Jandarma Genel Komutanlığı ve Sahil Güvenlik Komutanlığı Taşınır Mal Yönetmeliği, Resmi Gazete, 10.12.2003, 27652, available at: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/3.5.2010616. pdf, access on 12.08.2022.
− US Army (2008) 42 U.S.C. 7383e - Annual report by the President on espionage by the People’s Republic of China, p. 6, available at: https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2008-title42/USCODE-2008-title42-chap84-subchapXV-sec7383e/context, access on 21.09.2021.
− Ünlü, F. (2020, May 23th) Medikal İstihbaratın Esasları, Sabah Gazetesi, available at: https://www.sabah.com.tr/yazarlar/ cumartesi/ferhat-unlu/2020/05/23/medikal-istihbaratin-esaslari, access on 23.05.2022.
− Valdivia-Granda, W.A. (2021) Known and Unknown Transboundary Infectious Diseases as Hybrid Threats, Front Public Health, 2021; 9: 668062, doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.668062.
− Valdivia-Granda, W.A. (2020) Richt JA, What We Need to Consider During and After the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic, Vector-Borne And Zoonotic Diseases, Volume 20, Number 7, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., pp.477-483, DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2652.
− WHO (2003) The World Health Report 2003. WHO, available at: http://who.int/whr/2003/en/whr03_en.pdf, access on 20.07.2022.
− Waller, A.E., Scholer, M., Ising, A.I., & Travers, D.A., (2011) Chapter 3: Using Emergency Department Data For Biosurveillance: The North Carolina Experience. In; Zeng D., Castillo-Chavez C., Chen H., Lober WB, Thurmond M. (Eds.) Infectious Disease Informatics and Biosurveillance. New York: Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, Springer, pp 45–66. DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6892-0
− Weir, L. and Mykhalovskiy, E. (2010) 5 A World on Alert: Emergency Vigilance in Global Biopolitics, Global Public Health Vigilance: Creating a World on Alert. New York, NY: Routledge.
− Yan, P. Chen, H. ve Zeng, D. Syndromic Surveillance Data Sources And Collection Strategies (2010) Infectious Disease Informatics, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010, New York, pp. 33-48.
− Yılmaz, S. (2007) Küreselleşme ve Güvenlik, 21.Yüzyilda Güvenlik ve İstihbarat, Milenyum Yayınları, İstanbul, pp. 33-54.